Accounting Standard AASB 2023-5
The Australian Accounting Standards Board makes Accounting Standard AASB 2023-5 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards – Lack of Exchangeability under section 334 of the Corporations Act 2001.
| Keith Kendall |
Dated 9 October 2023 | Chair – AASB |
Accounting Standard AASB 2023-5
Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards – Lack of Exchangeability
Objective
This Standard amends:
(a) AASB 1 First-time Adoption of Australian Accounting Standards (July 2015);
(b) AASB 121 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates (August 2015); and
(c) AASB 1060 General Purpose Financial Statements – Simplified Disclosures for For-Profit and Not-For-Profit Tier 2 Entities (March 2020);
as a consequence of the issuance of International Financial Reporting Standard Lack of Exchangeability (Amendments to IAS 21) by the International Accounting Standards Board (IASB) in August 2023.
Application
The amendments set out in this Standard apply to entities and financial statements in accordance with the application of the other Standards set out in AASB 1057 Application of Australian Accounting Standards.
This Standard applies to annual periods beginning on or after 1 January 2025.
This Standard uses underlining, striking out and other typographical material to identify some of the amendments to a Standard, in order to make the amendments more understandable. However, the amendments made by this Standard do not include that underlining, striking out or other typographical material. Ellipses (…) are used to help provide the context within which amendments are made and also to indicate text that is not amended.
Amendments to AASB 1
Paragraphs 31C and D27 are amended and paragraph 39AI is added. New text is underlined and deleted text is struck through. |
Presentation and disclosure
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Explanation of transition to Australian Accounting Standards
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Use of deemed cost after severe hyperinflation
31C If an entity elects to measure assets and liabilities at fair value and to use that fair value as the deemed cost in its opening Australian-Accounting-Standards statement of financial position because of severe hyperinflation (see paragraphs D26–D30), the entity’s first Australian-Accounting-Standards financial statements shall disclose an explanation of how, and why, the entity had, and then ceased to have, a functional currency that is subject to severe hyperinflation. has both of the following characteristics:
(a) a reliable general price index is not available to all entities with transactions and balances in the currency.
(b) exchangeability between the currency and a relatively stable foreign currency does not exist.
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Effective date
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39AI AASB 2023-5 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards – Lack of Exchangeability, issued in October 2023, amended paragraphs 31C and D27. An entity shall apply those amendments when it applies AASB 121 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates (as amended in October 2023).
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Appendix D
Exemptions from other Australian Accounting Standards
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Severe hyperinflation
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D27 The currency of a hyperinflationary economy is subject to severe hyperinflation if it has both of the following characteristics:
(a) a reliable general price index is not available to all entities with transactions and balances in the currency.
(b) exchangeability between the currency is not exchangeable into and a relatively stable foreign currency does not exist. Exchangeability is assessed in accordance with AASB 121.
Amendments to AASB 121
Paragraphs 8 and 26 are amended. Paragraphs 8A–8B and 19A and their related headings, paragraphs 57A–57B and 60L–60M and Appendix A are added. New text is underlined and deleted text is struck through. For ease of reading, text in Appendix A has not been underlined. Following the IASB’s addition of Appendix A to IAS 21, Appendix A Australian simplified disclosures for Tier 2 entities to AASB 121 is relabelled as Appendix B. The Appendix is also amended. New text is underlined. |
Definitions
8 The following terms are used in this Standard with the meanings specified:
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A currency is exchangeable into another currency when an entity is able to obtain the other currency within a time frame that allows for a normal administrative delay and through a market or exchange mechanism in which an exchange transaction would create enforceable rights and obligations.
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Elaboration on the definitions
Exchangeable (paragraphs A2–A10)
8A An entity assesses whether a currency is exchangeable into another currency:
(a) at a measurement date; and
(b) for a specified purpose.
8B If an entity is able to obtain no more than an insignificant amount of the other currency at the measurement date for the specified purpose, the currency is not exchangeable into the other currency.
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Estimating the spot exchange rate when a currency is not exchangeable (paragraphs A11–A17)
19A An entity shall estimate the spot exchange rate at a measurement date when a currency is not exchangeable into another currency (as described in paragraphs 8, 8A–8B and A2–A10) at that date. An entity’s objective in estimating the spot exchange rate is to reflect the rate at which an orderly exchange transaction would take place at the measurement date between market participants under prevailing economic conditions.
Reporting foreign currency transactions in the functional currency
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Reporting at the ends of subsequent reporting periods
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26 When several exchange rates are available, the rate used is that at which the future cash flows represented by the transaction or balance could have been settled if those cash flows had occurred at the measurement date. If exchangeability between two currencies is temporarily lacking, the rate used is the first subsequent rate at which exchanges could be made.
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Disclosure
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57A When an entity estimates a spot exchange rate because a currency is not exchangeable into another currency (see paragraph 19A), the entity shall disclose information that enables users of its financial statements to understand how the currency not being exchangeable into the other currency affects, or is expected to affect, the entity’s financial performance, financial position and cash flows. To achieve this objective, an entity shall disclose information about:
(a) the nature and financial effects of the currency not being exchangeable into the other currency;
(b) the spot exchange rate(s) used;
(c) the estimation process; and
(d) the risks to which the entity is exposed because of the currency not being exchangeable into the other currency.
57B Paragraphs A18–A20 specify how an entity applies paragraph 57A.
Effective date and transition
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60L AASB 2023-5 Amendments to Australian Accounting Standards – Lack of Exchangeability, issued in October 2023, amended paragraphs 8 and 26, added paragraphs 8A–8B, 19A, 57A–57B and Appendix A, relabelled the original Appendix A as Appendix B and amended it. An entity shall apply those amendments for annual reporting periods beginning on or after 1 January 2025. Earlier application is permitted. If an entity applies the amendments for an earlier period, it shall disclose that fact. The date of initial application is the beginning of the annual reporting period in which an entity first applies those amendments.
60M In applying AASB 2023-5, an entity shall not restate comparative information. Instead:
(a) when the entity reports foreign currency transactions in its functional currency, and, at the date of initial application, concludes that its functional currency is not exchangeable into the foreign currency or, if applicable, concludes that the foreign currency is not exchangeable into its functional currency, the entity shall, at the date of initial application:
(i) translate affected foreign currency monetary items, and non-monetary items measured at fair value in a foreign currency, using the estimated spot exchange rate at that date; and
(ii) recognise any effect of initially applying the amendments as an adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings.
(b) when the entity uses a presentation currency other than its functional currency, or translates the results and financial position of a foreign operation, and, at the date of initial application, concludes that its functional currency (or the foreign operation’s functional currency) is not exchangeable into its presentation currency or, if applicable, concludes that its presentation currency is not exchangeable into its functional currency (or the foreign operation’s functional currency), the entity shall, at the date of initial application:
(i) translate affected assets and liabilities using the estimated spot exchange rate at that date;
(ii) translate affected equity items using the estimated spot exchange rate at that date if the entity’s functional currency is hyperinflationary; and
(iii) recognise any effect of initially applying the amendments as an adjustment to the cumulative amount of translation differences - accumulated in a separate component of equity.
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Appendix A
Application guidance
This appendix is an integral part of the Standard.
Exchangeability
A1 The purpose of the following diagram is to help entities assess whether a currency is exchangeable and estimate the spot exchange rate when a currency is not exchangeable.
Step I: Assessing whether a currency is exchangeable (paragraphs 8 and 8A–8B)
A2 Paragraphs A3–A10 set out application guidance to help an entity assess whether a currency is exchangeable into another currency. An entity might determine that a currency is not exchangeable into another currency, even though that other currency might be exchangeable in the other direction. For example, an entity might determine that currency PC is not exchangeable into currency LC, even though currency LC is exchangeable into currency PC.
Time frame
A3 Paragraph 8 defines a spot exchange rate as the exchange rate for immediate delivery. However, an exchange transaction might not always complete instantaneously because of legal or regulatory requirements, or for practical reasons such as public holidays. A normal administrative delay in obtaining the other currency does not preclude a currency from being exchangeable into that other currency. What constitutes a normal administrative delay depends on facts and circumstances.
Ability to obtain the other currency
A4 In assessing whether a currency is exchangeable into another currency, an entity shall consider its ability to obtain the other currency, rather than its intention or decision to do so. Subject to the other requirements in paragraphs A2–A10, a currency is exchangeable into another currency if an entity is able to obtain the other currency – either directly or indirectly – even if it intends or decides not to do so. For example, subject to the other requirements in paragraphs A2–A10, regardless of whether the entity intends or decides to obtain PC, currency LC is exchangeable into currency PC if an entity is able to either exchange LC for PC, or exchange LC for another currency (FC) and then exchange FC for PC.
Markets or exchange mechanisms
A5 In assessing whether a currency is exchangeable into another currency, an entity shall consider only markets or exchange mechanisms in which a transaction to exchange the currency for the other currency would create enforceable rights and obligations. Enforceability is a matter of law. Whether an exchange transaction in a market or exchange mechanism would create enforceable rights and obligations depends on facts and circumstances.
Purpose of obtaining the other currency
A6 Different exchange rates might be available for different uses of a currency. For example, a jurisdiction facing pressure on its balance of payments might wish to deter capital remittances (such as dividend payments) to other jurisdictions but encourage imports of specific goods from those jurisdictions. In such circumstances, the relevant authorities might:
(a) set a preferential exchange rate for imports of those goods and a ‘penalty’ exchange rate for capital remittances to other jurisdictions, thus resulting in different exchange rates applying to different exchange transactions; or
(b) make the other currency available only to pay for imports of those goods and not for capital remittances to other jurisdictions.
A7 Accordingly, whether a currency is exchangeable into another currency could depend on the purpose for which the entity obtains (or hypothetically might need to obtain) the other currency. In assessing exchangeability:
(a) when an entity reports foreign currency transactions in its functional currency (see paragraphs 20–37), the entity shall assume its purpose in obtaining the other currency is to realise or settle individual foreign currency transactions, assets or liabilities.
(b) when an entity uses a presentation currency other than its functional currency (see paragraphs 38–43), the entity shall assume its purpose in obtaining the other currency is to realise or settle its net assets or net liabilities.
(c) when an entity translates the results and financial position of a foreign operation into the presentation currency (see paragraphs 44–47), the entity shall assume its purpose in obtaining the other currency is to realise or settle its net investment in the foreign operation.
A8 An entity’s net assets or net investment in a foreign operation might be realised by, for example:
(a) the distribution of a financial return to the entity’s owners;
(b) the receipt of a financial return from the entity’s foreign operation; or
(c) the recovery of the investment by the entity or the entity’s owners, such as through disposal of the investment.
A9 An entity shall assess whether a currency is exchangeable into another currency separately for each purpose specified in paragraph A7. For example, an entity shall assess exchangeability for the purpose of reporting foreign currency transactions in its functional currency (see paragraph A7(a)) separately from exchangeability for the purpose of translating the results and financial position of a foreign operation (see paragraph A7(c)).
Ability to obtain only limited amounts of the other currency
A10 A currency is not exchangeable into another currency if, for a purpose specified in paragraph A7, an entity is able to obtain no more than an insignificant amount of the other currency. An entity shall assess the significance of the amount of the other currency it is able to obtain for a specified purpose by comparing that amount with the total amount of the other currency required for that purpose. For example, an entity with a functional currency of LC has liabilities denominated in currency FC. The entity assesses whether the total amount of FC it can obtain for the purpose of settling those liabilities is no more than an insignificant amount compared with the aggregated amount (the sum) of its liability balances denominated in FC.
Step II: Estimating the spot exchange rate when a currency is not exchangeable (paragraph 19A)
A11 This Standard does not specify how an entity estimates the spot exchange rate to meet the objective in paragraph 19A. An entity can use an observable exchange rate without adjustment (see paragraphs A12–A16) or another estimation technique (see paragraph A17).
Using an observable exchange rate without adjustment
A12 In estimating the spot exchange rate as required by paragraph 19A, an entity may use an observable exchange rate without adjustment if that observable exchange rate meets the objective in paragraph 19A. Examples of an observable exchange rate include:
(a) a spot exchange rate for a purpose other than that for which an entity assesses exchangeability (see paragraphs A13–A14); and
(b) the first exchange rate at which an entity is able to obtain the other currency for the specified purpose after exchangeability of the currency is restored (first subsequent exchange rate) (see paragraphs A15–A16).
Using an observable exchange rate for another purpose
A13 A currency that is not exchangeable into another currency for one purpose might be exchangeable into that currency for another purpose. For example, an entity might be able to obtain a currency to import specific goods but not to pay dividends. In such situations, the entity might conclude that an observable exchange rate for another purpose meets the objective in paragraph 19A. If the rate meets the objective in paragraph 19A, an entity may use that rate as the estimated spot exchange rate.
A14 In assessing whether such an observable exchange rate meets the objective in paragraph 19A, an entity shall consider, among other factors:
(a) whether several observable exchange rates exist – the existence of more than one observable exchange rate might indicate that exchange rates are set to encourage, or deter, entities from obtaining the other currency for particular purposes. These observable exchange rates might include an ‘incentive’ or ‘penalty’ and therefore might not reflect the prevailing economic conditions.
(b) the purpose for which the currency is exchangeable – if an entity is able to obtain the other currency only for limited purposes (such as to import emergency supplies), the observable exchange rate might not reflect the prevailing economic conditions.
(c) the nature of the exchange rate – a free-floating observable exchange rate is more likely to reflect the prevailing economic conditions than an exchange rate set through regular interventions by the relevant authorities.
(d) the frequency with which exchange rates are updated – an observable exchange rate unchanged over time is less likely to reflect the prevailing economic conditions than an observable exchange rate that is updated on a daily basis (or even more frequently).
Using the first subsequent exchange rate
A15 A currency that is not exchangeable into another currency at the measurement date for a specified purpose might subsequently become exchangeable into that currency for that purpose. In such situations, an entity might conclude that the first subsequent exchange rate meets the objective in paragraph 19A. If the rate meets the objective in paragraph 19A, an entity may use that rate as the estimated spot exchange rate.
A16 In assessing whether the first subsequent exchange rate meets the objective in paragraph 19A, an entity shall consider, among other factors:
(a) the time between the measurement date and the date at which exchangeability is restored – the shorter this period, the more likely the first subsequent exchange rate will reflect the prevailing economic conditions.
(b) inflation rates – when an economy is subject to high inflation, including when an economy is hyperinflationary (as specified in AASB 129 Financial Reporting in Hyperinflationary Economies), prices often change quickly, perhaps several times a day. Accordingly, the first subsequent exchange rate for a currency of such an economy might not reflect the prevailing economic conditions.
Using another estimation technique
A17 An entity using another estimation technique may use any observable exchange rate – including rates from exchange transactions in markets or exchange mechanisms that do not create enforceable rights and obligations – and adjust that rate, as necessary, to meet the objective in paragraph 19A.
Disclosure when a currency is not exchangeable
A18 An entity shall consider how much detail is necessary to satisfy the disclosure objective in paragraph 57A. An entity shall disclose the information specified in paragraphs A19–A20 and any additional information necessary to meet the disclosure objective in paragraph 57A.
A19 In applying paragraph 57A, an entity shall disclose:
(a) the currency and a description of the restrictions that result in that currency not being exchangeable into the other currency;
(b) a description of affected transactions;
(c) the carrying amount of affected assets and liabilities;
(d) the spot exchange rates used and whether those rates are:
(i) observable exchange rates without adjustment (see paragraphs A12–A16); or
(ii) spot exchange rates estimated using another estimation technique (see paragraph A17);
(e) a description of any estimation technique the entity has used, and qualitative and quantitative information about the inputs and assumptions used in that estimation technique; and
(f) qualitative information about each type of risk to which the entity is exposed because the currency is not exchangeable into the other currency, and the nature and carrying amount of assets and liabilities exposed to each type of risk.
A20 When a foreign operation’s functional currency is not exchangeable into the presentation currency or, if applicable, the presentation currency is not exchangeable into a foreign operation’s functional currency, an entity shall also disclose:
(a) the name of the foreign operation; whether the foreign operation is a subsidiary, joint operation, joint venture, associate or branch; and its principal place of business;
(b) summarised financial information about the foreign operation; and
(c) the nature and terms of any contractual arrangements that could require the entity to provide financial support to the foreign operation, including events or circumstances that could expose the entity to a loss.
Appendix A B
Australian simplified disclosures for Tier 2 entities
This appendix is an integral part of the Standard.
AusAB1 Paragraphs 51–57B do not apply to entities preparing general purpose financial statements that apply AASB 1060 General Purpose Financial Statements – Simplified Disclosures for For-Profit and Not-for-Profit Tier 2 Entities.
Amendments to AASB 1060
The table in paragraph IG1 in the implementation guidance accompanying AASB 1060 is amended. New text is underlined. |
Implementation guidance
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AASB Standard | Paragraphs superseded by this Standard | Paragraphs that have not been superseded by this Standard and represent presentation requirements or associated guidance |
… | … | … |
AASB 121 The Effects of Changes in Foreign Exchange Rates | Paragraphs 51–57B | none |
… | … | … |
Commencement of the legislative instrument
For legal purposes, this legislative instrument commences on 31 December 2024.