Cape St Albans Lighthouse

Heritage Management Plan

2023

The Australian Maritime Safety Authority makes this heritage management plan under section 341S of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) for Cape St Albans Lighthouse.

18 December 2023

Mick Kinley

Chief Executive Officer

Copyright

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Acknowledgements

The Australian Maritime Safety Authority acknowledges the Traditional Custodians of country throughout Australia and their connections to land, sea and community.

For additional information or any inquiries about this heritage management plan, contact the Australian Maritime Safety Authority, Manager Asset Management and Preparedness, PO Box 10790, Adelaide Street, Brisbane QLD 4000

Phone:   (02) 6279 5000 (switchboard)

Email:     Heritage@amsa.gov.au

Website: www.amsa.gov.au

Attribution

The Australian Maritime Safety Authority’s preference is that you attribute this publication (and any material sourced from it) using the following wording:

Source: Australian Maritime Safety Authority Cape St Albans Lighthouse Heritage Management Plan – 2023

Front cover image:

Figure 1. Cape St Albans Lighthouse (© AMSA, 2018)

More information:

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Table of contents

1. Introduction
   1.   Background and purpose
   2.   Heritage management plan objectives
   3.   Methodology
   4.   Status
   5.   Authorship
   6.   Acknowledgements
   7.   Language
   8.   Previous reports
   9.   Sources of information and images
2. Cape St Albans Lighthouse site
   1.   Location
   2.   Setting and landscape
   3.   Site management
   4.   Access
   5.   Listings
3. History
   1.   General history of lighthouses in Australia
   2.   The Commonwealth Lighthouse Service
   3.   Cape St Albans: a history
   4.   Building a lighthouse
   5.   Chronology of major events
   6.   Changes and conservation over time
   7.   Summary of current and former uses
   8.   Summary of past and present community associations
   9.   Unresolved questions or historical conflicts
   10.                       Recommendations for further research 
4. Fabric
   1.   Fabric register
   2.   Related object and associated AMSA artefacts
   3.   Comparative analysis
5. Heritage significance
   1.   Commonwealth heritage listing – Cape St Albans Lighthouse
   2.   Condition and integrity of Commonwealth heritage values
   3.   Gain or loss of Commonwealth heritage values
6. Opportunities and constraints
   1.   Implications arising from significance
   2.   Framework: sensitivity to change
   3.   Statutory and legislative requirements
   4.   Operational requirements and occupier needs
   5.   Proposals for change
   6.   Potential pressures
   7.   Processes for decision-making
7. Conservation management principles and policies
8. Policy implementation plan
   1.   Plan and schedule
   2.   Monitoring and reporting
9. Appendices

Appendix 1. Glossary of heritage conservation terms

Appendix 2. Glossary of historic lighthouse terms relevant to Cape St Albans Lighthouse

Appendix 3. Table demonstrating compliance with the EPBC Regulations

Appendix 4. Cape St Albans current light details

Endnotes

Reference list

List of Figures

Figure 1.   Cape St Albans Lighthouse (© AMSA, 2018)

Figure 2.   Planning process applied for heritage management (Source: Australia ICOMOS, 1999)

Figure 3.   (Image: Landsat/Copernicus, Data: SIO, NOAA, U.S. Navy, NGA, GEBCO. Google Earth)

Figure 4.   Cape St Albans on eastern coast of Kangaroo Island (Image: ©2022 TerraMetrics, ©2022

                 CNES/Airbus, Data: SIO, NOAA, U.S Navy, NGA, GEBCO. Google Earth)

Figure 5.   View of Cape St Albans landscape and tower (© AMSA, 2014)

Figure 6.   Unsealed road to Cape St Albans Lighthouse (© AMSA, 2019)

Figure 7.   Access track to Cape St Albans Lighthouse (© AMSA, 2019)

Figure 8.   Incandescent oil vapour lamp by Chance Brothers (Source: AMSA)
Figure 9.   Dioptric lens on display at Narooma (Source: AMSA)

Figure 10. Dalén's system - sunvalve, mixer and flasher (Source: AMSA)

Figure 11. Design plan of Cape St Albans Lighthouse, signed by Engineer-in-Chief 17 March 1908

                 NAA: A10182, CN 01 185 (© Commonwealth of Australia, National Archives of Australia)

Figure 12. Cape St Albans Lighthouse site (© AMSA, 2018)

Figure 13. Cape St Albans tower with recent external ladder (© AMSA, 2017)

Acronym List

List of acronyms utilised throughout this heritage management plan:

Executive summary

Built in 1908, Cape St Albans Lighthouse was built to assist lighting Backstairs Passage between Kangaroo Island and the South Australian coast. The lighthouse is notable for its heritage significance and was placed on the Commonwealth Heritage List in 2004 for its role in providing navigational assistance, and its standing as one of the earliest unattended lights established in South Australia. The lighthouse is demonstrative of a transition in lighthouse technology of the early twentieth century.

Situated approximately 8.5 kilometres away from Antechamber Bay, the Cape St Albans Lighthouse stands on the most eastern point of Kangaroo Island. After the cost of constructing a staffed light was considered too expensive, the lighthouse was designed by South Australia’s Engineer-in-chief as an automatic tower with an open lantern floor plan. Although keepers from the nearby Cape Willoughby Lighthouse were tasked with checking on the tower, the lighthouse operated automatically. As a working marine aid to navigation (AtoN), the lighthouse tower is operated and managed by the Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA).  

The lighthouse was originally fitted with a self-contained lantern manufactured by Barbier, Bernard and Turenne in France. The current lens assembly is a 250mm focal radius fixed lens with a lamp-changer light source. The light runs on an automated mechanism as part of AMSA’s network of AtoN. The equipment is serviced by AMSA’s maintenance contractor who visits at least once per year. AMSA officers visit on an ad-hoc basis for auditing, project and community liaison purposes. Access to the site and inside the tower is restricted to authorised personnel only.

This heritage management plan is concerned mainly with the lighthouse, but also addresses the management of the surrounding land. The plan is intended to guide AMSA’s decisions and actions. AMSA’s Heritage Team has prepared this plan to integrate the heritage values of the lighthouse in accordance with the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth), and the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000 (Cth).

Being well built and generally well maintained, the lighthouse precinct is in relatively good, stable condition. The policies and management guidelines set out in this heritage management plan strive to ensure that the Commonwealth heritage values of Cape St Albans Lighthouse are recognised, maintained, and preserved for future generations.

1. Introduction

1.1  Background and purpose

The Australian Maritime Safety Authority (AMSA) is the Commonwealth agency responsible for coastal aids to navigation (AtoN). AMSA’s network includes Cape St Albans Lighthouse, built in 1908.

Section 341S of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth) (EPBC Act) requires AMSA to prepare a management plan for Cape St Albans Lighthouse that addresses the matters prescribed in Schedules 7A and 7B of the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Regulations 2000 (Cth) (EPBC Regulations). The principal features of this management plan are:

• a description of the place, its heritage values, their condition and the method used to assess its significance
• an administrative management framework
• a description of any proposals for change
• an array of conservation policies that protect and manage the place
• an implementation plan
• ways the policies will be monitored and how the management plan will be reviewed.

AMSA’s Heritage Team has prepared this heritage management plan to guide the future conservation of the place. This plan provides the framework and basis for the conservation and best practice management of Cape St Albans Lighthouse in recognition of its heritage values. The policies in this plan indicate the objectives for identification, protection, conservation and presentation of the commonwealth heritage values of the place. Figure 2 shows the basic planning process applied.

 Figure 2. Planning process applied for heritage management (Source: Australia ICOMOS, 1999)

1.2  Heritage management plan objectives

The objectives of this heritage management plan are to:

• protect, conserve and manage the Commonwealth heritage values of the Cape St Albans Lighthouse.
• interpret and promote the Commonwealth heritage values of the Cape St Albans Lighthouse.
• manage use of the lighthouse; and
• use best practice standards, including ongoing technical and community input, and apply best available knowledge and expertise when considering actions likely to have a substantial impact on Commonwealth heritage values.

In undertaking these objectives, this plan aims to:

• provide for the protection and conservation of the heritage values of the place while minimising any impacts on the environment by applying the relevant environmental management requirements in a manner consistent with Commonwealth heritage management principles.
• take into account the significance of the region as a cultural landscape occupied by Aboriginal people over many thousands of years.
• recognise that the site has been occupied by lease holders since the early 20th century.
• encourage site use that is compatible with the historical fabric, infrastructure and general environment.
• record and document maintenance works, and changes to the fabric in the Cape St Albans Lighthouse fabric register.

The organisational planning cycle and associated budgeting process is used to confirm requirements, allocate funding and manage delivery of maintenance activities. Detailed planning for the AtoN network is managed through our internal planning processes.

An interactive map showing many of AMSA’s heritage sites, including Cape St Albans Lighthouse, can be found at AMSA Heritage Lighthouses Interactive MapP0FP0F[i]PP.

1.3  Methodology

The methodology used in the preparation of this plan is consistent with the recommendations of The Burra Charter and with the requirements of Chapter 5, Part 15 Division 1A of the EPBC Act. In particular, the plan:

• details the history of the site based on information sourced from archival research, expert knowledge, and documentary resources
• provides the description of the site based on information sourced from site inspection reports and fabric registers
• details the Commonwealth heritage criteria satisfied by Cape St Albans Lighthouse as set out by schedule 7A of the EPBC Regulations. 

The criterion set out at Schedule 7A (h) (i-xiii) informed the development of the required policies for the management of the Cape St Albans Lighthouse, in conjunction with input from the Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water (Heritage Branch) on best practice management.

Consultation

In preparation of the plan, AMSA consulted with the Ramindjeri Heritage Association Inc. under direction from Aboriginal Affairs and Reconciliation, Department of the Premier and Cabinet (SA). AMSA was provided with information on the history of the island and past and present associations held, and this was incorporated within the plan. 

The draft management plan was advertised in accordance with the EPBC Act and EPBC Regulations. On 27 July 2022 a notice was placed in The Australian newspaper publication which invited the general public to review the draft plan on AMSA’s website and provide feedback. Public consultation closed on 23 August 2022 and submissions were considered by AMSA’s Heritage Team.

A developed draft was submitted to the Minister through the Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water (Heritage Branch) and in that process the Minister’s delegate sought advice from the Australian Heritage Council and found the plan to be not inconsistent with the requirements of EPBC Act and EPBC Regulations.

Future updates and amendments will be listed here.

1.4  Status

This plan has been adopted by AMSA in accordance with Schedule 7A (Management plans for Commonwealth Heritage places) and Schedule 7B (Commonwealth Heritage management principles) of the EPBC Regulations to guide the management of the place and for inclusion in the Federal Register of Legislative Instruments.

1.5  Authorship

This plan has been prepared by AMSA. At the initial time of publication, the Australian Maritime Systems Group (AMSG) is the contract maintenance provider for the Commonwealth Government’s AtoN network including Cape St Albans Lighthouse.

1.6  Acknowledgements

AMSA acknowledges the professional assistance of the Department of Premier and Cabinet (SA), and the Ramindjeri Heritage Association Inc.

1.7  Language

For clarity and consistency, some words in this plan such as restoration, reconstruction and preservation, are used with the meanings defined in the Burra Charter[ii]. (See ‘Appendix 1 Glossary of heritage conservation terms’). Also see ‘Appendix 2 Glossary of lighthouse terminology relevant to Cape St Albans’, which sets out the technical terminology used in this plan.

1.8  Previous reports

• A Heritage Lighthouse Report was generated by Peter Marquis-Kyle in 2006 for AMSA.[iii]
• A Heritage Asset Condition Report (5th Revision) was generated by AMSG in 2021 for AMSA.[iv]

1.9  Sources of information and images

This plan has used a number of sources of information. This includes the National Archives of Australia (NAA), the National Library of Australia (NLA) and AMSA’s heritage collection.

2.   Cape St Albans Lighthouse site

2.1  Location

Kangaroo Island lies off the coast of the state of South Australia, approximately 112 kilometres southwest of Adelaide. As Australia’s third-largest island, Kangaroo Island is a 4,405 square-kilometre landmass that abuts Backstairs Passage and Investigator Strait. Cape St Albans forms the most easterly point of the island and is situated to the south of Backstairs Passage. With Antechamber Bay to the west and Moncrieff Bay to the east, the cape is a narrow neck of land situated within the gazetted locality of Willoughby.

Lighthouse coordinates: 35° 48.2300'S, 138° 07.5120'E

Figure 3. Kangaroo Island with Cape St. Albans Lighthouse on east coast (Image: Landsat/Copernicus, Data: SIO, NOAA, U.S. Navy, NGA, GEBCO)

Figure 4. Cape St Albans on eastern coast of Kangaroo Island (Image: ©2022 TerraMetrics, ©2022 CNES/Airbus, Data: SIO, NOAA, U.S Navy, NGA, GEBCO)

2.2  Setting and landscape

Cape St Albans is a relatively bare, flat promontory that forms the most eastern point of Kangaroo Island. Jagged cliffs form the edge of the cape which abuts Backstairs Passage.   

Figure 5. View of Cape St Albans landscape and tower (© AMSA, 2014)

Fauna and flora

A quarter of Kangaroo Island’s landmass is conserved within conservation parks, national parks and wilderness protection areas. The island is also void of pests such as rabbits and foxes due to its isolation.

The following faunal species are native to the island:

• Kangaroo Island western grey kangaroo (macropus fuliginosus fuliginosus)
• Rosenberg’s sand goanna (Varanus rosenbergi)
• Southern brown bandicoot (isoodon obesulus)
• Tammar wallaby (macropus eugenii)
• Common brushtail possum (trichosurus vulpecula)
• Short-beaked echidna (tachyglossus aculeatus)
• Australian sea lion (neophoca cinerea)
• Long-nosed fur seal (arctocephalus forsteri)

The following faunal species have been introduced to the island:

• Koala (phascolarctos cinereus)
• Common ringtail possum (pseudocheirus peregrinus)
• Platypus (Ornithorhynchus anatinus)

The island has also been identified as an Important Bird Area by BirdLife International.[v]

As of 2012, the waters below Cape St Albans were included within the Habitat Protection Zone (HPZ) of the Encounter Marine Park Management Plan.[vi] A HPZ is defined in the Marine Parks Act 2007 as “a zone primarily established so that an area may be managed to provide protection for habitats and biodiversity within a marine park, while allowing activities and uses that do not harm habitats or the functioning of ecosystems”.[vii]

2.3  Site management

The lighthouse is situated within gazetted Commonwealth land. As the Commonwealth Authority, AMSA manages and maintains the lighthouse.  

2.4  Access

Cape St Albans is accessible from Penneshaw via 25 kilometres of sealed roads, unsealed roads and steep rocky track that required a 4WD vehicle. Access to the tower also requires crossing through privately owned gates therefore authorised personnel only are permitted access to the site.

Due to small internal accessways and the installation of critical navigational equipment, access inside the lighthouse tower is restricted to authorised personnel and AMSA employees and contractors.

Figure 6. Unsealed road to Cape St Albans Lighthouse (© AMSA, 2019)

Figure 7. Access track to Cape St Albans Lighthouse (© AMSA, 2019)

2.5  Listings

Cape St Albans Lighthouse is listed on the following heritage registers:

3.   History

3.1  General history of lighthouses in Australia

The first lighthouse to be constructed on Australian soil was Macquarie Lighthouse, located at the entrance to Port Jackson, NSW. First lit in 1818, the cost of the lighthouse was recovered through the introduction of a levy on shipping. This was instigated by Governor Lachlan Macquarie, who ordered and named the light.

The following century oversaw the construction of hundreds of lighthouses around the country. Constructing and maintaining a lighthouse were costly ventures that often required the financial support of multiple colonies. However, they were deemed necessary aids in assisting the safety of mariners at sea. Lighthouses were firstly managed by the colony they lay within, with each colony developing their own style of lighthouse and operational system. Following Federation in 1901, which saw the various colonies unite under one Commonwealth government, lighthouse management was transferred from state hands to the Commonwealth Lighthouse Service.  

Lamps and optics: an overview

Lighthouse technology has altered drastically over the centuries. Eighteenth century lighthouses were lit using parabolic mirrors and oil lamps. Documentation of early examples of parabolic mirrors in the United Kingdom, circa 1760, were documented as consisting of wood and lined with pieces of looking glass or plates of tin. As described by Searle, ’When light hits a shiny surface, it is reflected at an angle equal to that at which it hit. With a light source is placed in the focal point of a parabolic reflector, the light rays are reflected parallel to one another, producing a concentrated beam’.[x]

In 1822, Augustin Fresnel invented the dioptric glass lens. By crafting concentric annular rings with a convex lens, Fresnel had discovered a method of reducing the amount of light absorbed by a lens. The Dioptric System was adopted quickly with Cordouran Lighthouse (France), which was fitted with the first dioptric lens in 1823. The majority of heritage-listed lighthouses in Australia house dioptric lenses made by others such as Chance Brothers (United Kingdom), Henry-LePaute (France), Barbier, Bernard & Turenne (BBT, France) and Svenska Aktiebolaget Gasaccumulator (AGA of Sweden). These lenses were made in a range of standard sizes, called orders—see ‘Appendix 2. Glossary of lighthouse Terms relevant to Cape St Albans Lighthouse’.

Early Australian lighthouses were originally fuelled by whale oil and burned in Argand lamps, and multiple wicks were required in order to create a large flame that could be observed from sea. By the 1850s, whale oil had been replaced by colza oil, which was in turn replaced by kerosene, a mineral oil.

In 1900, incandescent burners were introduced. This saw the burning of fuel inside an incandescent mantle which produced a brighter light with less fuel within a smaller volume. Light keepers were required to maintain pressure to the burner by manually pumping a handle as can be seen in Figure 8.

Figure 8. Incandescent oil vapour lamp by Chance Brothers (Source: AMSA)

Figure 9. Dioptric lens on display at Narooma (Source: AMSA)

In 1912, Swedish engineer Gustaf Dalén, was awarded the Nobel Prize in physics for a series of inventions relating to acetylene-powered navigation lights. Dalén’s system included the sun valve, the mixer, the flasher, and the cylinder containing compressed acetylene. Due to their efficiency and reliability, Dalén’s inventions led to the gradual de-staffing of lighthouses. Acetylene was quickly adopted by the Commonwealth Lighthouse Service from 1915 onwards.

Figure 10. Dalén's system - sunvalve, mixer and flasher (Source: AMSA)

Large dioptric lenses, such as that shown in Figure 9, gradually decreased in popularity due to cost and the move towards unmanned automatic lighthouses. By the early 1900s, Australia had stopped ordering these lenses with the last installed at Eclipse Island in Western Australia in 1927. Smaller Fresnel lenses continued to be produced and installed until the 1970s when plastic lanterns, still utilising Fresnel’s technology, were favoured instead. Acetylene remained in use until it was finally phased out in the 1990s.

In the current day, Australian lighthouses are lit and extinguished automatically using mains power, diesel generators, and solar-voltaic systems.

3.2 The Commonwealth Lighthouse Service

When the Australian colonies federated in 1901, they decided that the new Commonwealth government would be responsible for coastal lighthouses—that is, major lights used by vessels travelling from port to port—but not the minor lights used for navigation within harbours and rivers. There was a delay before this new arrangement came into effect. Existing lights continued to be operated by the states.

Since 1915, various Commonwealth departments have managed lighthouses. AMSA, established under the Australian Maritime Safety Authority Act 1990, is now responsible for operating Commonwealth lighthouses and other aids to navigation, along with its other functions.

3.3 Cape St Albans: A history

Aboriginal history

Kangaroo Island has an extensive history, and the island is embedded in the Ngurunderi Dreaming Story.

Ngurunderi, an ancestral being, chased two of his wives along the coastline of Encounter Bay. When they tried to cross the waters to Kangaroo Island, Ngurunderi made the ocean rise and flood what is now known as Backstairs Passage. His wives were drowned and became the Pages Islands. Ngurunderi then travelled to Kangaroo Island where, at the far end of the island at Admiral’s Arch, he threw his spears down into the sea which created the Casuarina Islets. Ngurunderi then cleansed himself in the ocean before passing into the spirit world.

More than 100 cultural heritage sites, which include stone artefact scatters, have been uncovered on the island, and radiocarbon dating undertaken on the western end of the island demonstrated the presence of Aboriginal groups for thousands of years.

Sally, also known as Kalinga and Princess Con, is a notable figure in the history of the island. Sally was the daughter of King Condoy, the headman of Ramindjeri. In the late 1820s, Sally was taken from her home in Cape Jervis by sealers to King George Sound, and then onto Kangaroo Island by the early 1830s. She later married William Walker and had two sons, George and Joseph who were both born on the island. 

Early European history

Kangaroo Island was first sighted by British explorer Matthew Flinders aboard the HMS Investigator on 23 March 1802. Flinders had landed on the north coast of Dudley Peninsula and, after noting the large number of western grey kangaroo present, named the landmass ‘Kangaroo Island’.[xi] The island was later circumnavigated and mapped by French explorer Commander Nicolas Baudin.

Kangaroo Island hosted a community of sealers from 1802 to South Australia’s colonisation in 1836. Some gangs of sealers reportedly kidnapped a number of Aboriginal women from both Tasmania and South Australia. It is understood that on a number of occasions, kidnapped women would attempt to escape by swimming across the passage between the island and the mainland. This tragically resulted in the deaths of many.[xii]   

In 1836, the First Fleet of South Australia reportedly stopped in at the island’s Nepean Bay en route to the mainland. These ships, such as the Duke of York, the Lady Mary Pelham, and the Africaine, carried the first European settlers that would establish the city of Adelaide and the colony of South Australia. The first colonial settlement on Kangaroo Island was Kingscote (originally Reeves Point) established in July 1836.[xiii]

The 1840s saw the operation of whaling stations on the island’s coastline. Shipping around Kangaroo Island also grew exponentially during this time period as the island sat on either side of the Backstairs Passage and the Investigator Strait, two key shipping routes. Increased shipping led to many instances of shipwrecks around the island, which in turn led to the construction of lighthouses: Cape Willoughby in 1852 and Cape Borda in 1858.             

Why Cape St Albans

A number of shipwrecks had occurred within Backstairs Passage since the mid-1850s, and a lighthouse at Cape Jervis on the mainland had been constructed in 1871 in an attempt to aid vessels.[xiv]  Following the turn of the century, calls for the erection of an additional light gathered momentum.[xv] In 1905, South Australian authorities readdressed concerns for the safety of vessels traversing the passage, and it was debated whether a new light was to be constructed, or whether Cape Jervis Lighthouse should be upgraded. Talks of constructing a new staffed light were put to bed when it was determined to be far too expensive. However, advances in technology at the time meant there was the option of constructing an unstaffed, automatic light.[xvi]

Cape St Alban’s was chosen as the appropriate site for the new unstaffed light due to its prominent position in the south-east of the passage. It was determined that a light on the cape would alert vessels to ’an obstruction known as the Scraper‘, and also provide navigators ’another bearing’.[xvii]  

3.4 Building a lighthouse

Design and construction

Choosing to erect an unstaffed, automatic light meant that the design for the lighthouse was relatively simple and did not require the inclusion of any keepers’ cottages. The tower was designed to be a small, circular stone structure fitted with a self-contained lantern on an open plan (see Figure 11).

Tenders for the construction of the light were first called in early 1908, however fresh tenders were called once more in April of the same year.[xviii] A self-contained lantern manufactured by Barbier, Bernard and Turenne in France was ordered and installed. It is understood that the construction of the light progressed faster than anticipated. The Register (Adelaide) newspaper reported that:

Although the original notice to mariners concerning the Cape St Albans light, in Backstairs Passage, was that it would be exhibited for the first time on or about December 1, the President of the Marine Board decided that it should be shown for the first time on Thursday night. Better progress was made with the erection of the lantern and its adjustment than was expected, hence the reason for utilizing it earlier than first arranged.[xix]      

Cape St Albans Lighthouse was lit for the first time on 20 November 1908. The total cost of the lighthouse’s construction and equipment was £897.[xx]

Figure 11. Design plan of Cape St. Albans Lighthouse, signed by Engineer-in-Chief 17 March 1908. NAA: A10182, CN 01 185 (© Commonwealth of Australia, National Archives of Australia)

Equipment when built

Upon completion, Cape St Alban’s Lighthouse stood as a nine-metre, white masonry tower fitted with an unenclosed white, 4th order, fixed light.[xxi] A red sector light was also installed to shine over ‘the Scraper’. The Register newspaper reported the tower had a focal plane of 120-feet, and the light was visible for approximately 17 miles.[xxii] Powered by kerosene, the tower was originally visited once every two days by the headkeeper of Cape Willoughby Lighthouse. By 1912, the responsibility of maintaining the light was transferred to a local resident of Antechamber Bay who visited the lighthouse once a day until 1914.[xxiii]

Cape St Albans Lighthouse was one of the first three automatic lights that were constructed in South Australia following the turn of the century. Six additional automatic lights were constructed prior to when the Commonwealth Government assumed the responsibility for all coastal lights around the country in 1915.[xxiv]

3.5 Chronology of major events

The following table details the major events to have occurred at Cape St Albans Lighthouse.

3.6 Changes and conservation over time

The following section details the changes and conservation efforts to have been carried out at Cape St Albans Lighthouse since its construction.

The Brewis Report

Commander CRW Brewis, retired naval surveyor, was commissioned in 1911 by the Commonwealth Government to report on the condition of existing lights and to recommend any additional ones. Brewis visited every lighthouse in Australia between June and December 1912, and produced a series of reports published in their final form in March 1913. These reports were the basis for decision-making for the individual lighthouses and provide a snapshot of the lighthouse in the early twentieth century.

Brewis recommended that the Cape St Albans Lighthouse be discontinued.[xxx]

Alteration to the light

The following table details the changes to the Cape St Albans light since its exhibition in 1908.

For information on current light details, see ‘Appendix 4 Cape St Albans Lighthouse current light details’.

Recent conservation works

The following table details the recent conservation works to have occurred at Cape St Albans Lighthouse.

3.7 Summary of current and former uses

From its construction in 1908, Cape St Albans Lighthouse has been used as a marine AtoN for mariners at sea. Its AtoN capability remains its primary use.

3.8 Summary of past and present community associations

Aboriginal associations

The Ramindjeri Heritage Association Inc. draw direct connection to King Condoy, headman of Ramindjeri, and Princess Con. Ramindjeri people observe the island to be a ‘gateway to heaven’, and maintain strong ties to the island

Local, national and international associations

Cape St Albans Lighthouse is considered a significant site of South Australian and Australian history. The cape and lighthouse maintain strong familial associations due to the lighthouse’s history as a locally-maintained site.  

3.9 Unresolved questions or historical conflicts

Any unresolved questions or historical conflicts uncovered will be highlighted within this section in future versions of this plan.   

3.10         Recommendations for further research

Archaeological investigation of the site may reveal further information on prehistoric and historic uses of Cape St Albans to broaden understanding of the site’s intrinsic value.

4.   Fabric

4.1  Fabric register

The cultural significance of the lighthouse resides in its fabric, and also in its intangible aspects, such as the meanings people ascribe to it, and the connections to other places and things. The survival of its cultural value depends on a well-informed understanding of what is significant, and on clear thinking about the consequences of change. The Burra Charter sets out good practice for conserving cultural significance.

Below, each part of the lighthouse is listed and the description, condition and significance of each part is discussed. Criterion listed under ‘Heritage Significance’ refer to the criterion satisfied within the specific Commonwealth heritage listing (see ‘Section 5.1’).

Lighthouse feature: Lantern roof

© AMSA 2020

Description and condition

Conical roof of copper sheets lapped and bolted. Built with single skin (no internal lining). Supported on circular ring of cast iron segments bolted together.

• Ventilator – ball shaped vent, with circular internal insect mesh.
• Lightning conductor – single spike with trident on top of vent.
• Gutter – none.

Heritage significance: High

The lantern roof forms part of a lighthouse, which was integral to South Australia’s growth of navigational assistance during the early twentieth century (criterion a).

The lantern roof forms part of one of South Australia’s earliest unattended lighthouses (criterion f).

Lighthouse feature:  Lantern glazing

© AMSA 2020

Description and condition

Cylindrical in form.

• Panes – curved, trapezoidal glass panes, single tier. Landward sector masked by sheet of curved material fitted inside the astragals.
• Astragals – cast iron, bolted to roof support ring at top and to lantern base at bottom.

Heritage significance: High

The lantern glazing forms part of a lighthouse, which was integral to South Australia’s growth of navigational assistance during the early twentieth century (criterion a).

The lantern glazing forms part of one of South Australia’s earliest unattended lighthouses (criterion f).

Lighthouse feature: Lantern base

© AMSA 2020

Description and condition

Chance Bros, cylindrical in form. Curved panels of cast iron bolted together with flanged joints. No internal lining (removed).

• Vents – cast iron cowls outside, one in each panel. Round tube protruding inside from each vent, covered with stainless mesh and half covered with metal plate.
• Door – Replica Chance Bros iron door with copper alloy hinges and thumbscrew fasteners.

Heritage significance: High

The lantern base forms part of a lighthouse, which was integral to South Australia’s growth of navigational assistance during the early twentieth century (criterion a).

The lantern base forms part of one of South Australia’s earliest unattended lighthouses (criterion f).

Lighthouse feature: Lantern floor

© AMSA 2020

Description and condition

Concrete slab, continuous with balcony floor and cornice.

Heritage significance: High

The lantern floor forms part of a lighthouse, which was integral to South Australia’s growth of navigational assistance during the early twentieth century (criterion a).

The lantern floor forms part of one of South Australia’s earliest unattended lighthouses (criterion f).

Lighthouse feature: Lens assembly

© AMSA 2020

Description and condition

250mm focal radius fixed (non-rotating) lens assembly of glass and gunmetal.

Heritage significance: High

The lens assembly forms part of a lighthouse, which was integral to South Australia’s growth of navigational assistance during the early twentieth century (criterion a).

The lens assembly forms part of one of South Australia’s earliest unattended lighthouses (criterion f).

Lighthouse feature: Light source

© AMSA 2021

Description and condition

Sealite SL-LED-216-W.

Heritage significance: Low

The light source is of low significance.

Lighthouse feature: Pedestal

© AMSA 2021

Description and condition

Cast iron post with fixed circular table on top. Flasher and other control gear mounted in metal box attached to pedestal.

Heritage significance: High

The pedestal forms part of a lighthouse, which was integral to South Australia’s growth of navigational assistance during the early twentieth century (criterion a).

The pedestal forms part of one of South Australia’s earliest unattended lighthouses (criterion f).

Lighthouse feature: Balcony floor

© AMSA 2020

Description and condition

Recent stainless steel structure with FRP mesh c2006 fixed over 1908 concrete slab, which is continuous with lantern floor and coved cornice and string course.

Heritage significance: High

The concrete component of the balcony floor is an original part of a lighthouse, which was integral to South Australia’s growth of navigational assistance during the early twentieth century (criterion a).

The concrete component of the balcony floor is an original part of one of South Australia’s earliest unattended lighthouses (criterion f).

Lighthouse feature: Balcony balustrade

© AMSA 2019

Description and condition

Stainless steel circular hollow section stanchions, handrails and knee-rails; stainless steel kick-plate.

Heritage significance: Low

The recent stainless steel balustrades are of low significance.

Lighthouse feature: Walls

© AMSA 2020

Description and condition

1908 small conical tower of stone rubble masonry roughly rendered inside and out, with plinth at the bottom. Cast iron vents fitted around the walls, below the cornice.

• Vents – original vents were corroded beyond economical repair. Original covers were replaced with FRP covers, a non-corrosive substitute

Heritage significance: High

The walls are an original part of a lighthouse, which was integral to South Australia’s growth of navigational assistance during the early twentieth century (criterion a).

The walls are an original part of one of South Australia’s earliest unattended lighthouses (criterion f).

Lighthouse feature: External ladder

© AMSA 2019

Description and condition

Fixed ladder from ground to balcony. Stainless steel stiles and FRP treads. Stainless steel brackets fixing the ladder to the ground and to the balcony. (This stainless steel ladder replaces an earlier timber ladder, which was a replacement for the original iron ladder shown on the 1908 drawings.)

Heritage significance: Low

The recent stainless steel external ladder is of low significance.

Lighthouse feature: Door

© AMSA 2019

Description and condition

Early timber framed and sheeted door hung in timber frame on butt hinges. Recent stainless steel louvre vent panel fitted between mid-rail and bottom rail. Secured with pad bolt and CLS padlock.

Heritage significance: High

The door forms part of a lighthouse, which was integral to South Australia’s growth of navigational assistance during the early twentieth century (criterion a).

The door forms part of one of South Australia’s earliest unattended lighthouses (criterion f).

Lighthouse feature: Ground floor

© AMSA 2019

Description and condition

Concrete slab on ground.

Heritage significance: High

The ground floor is an original part of a lighthouse, which was integral to South Australia’s growth of navigational assistance during the early twentieth century (criterion a).

The ground floor is an original part of one of South Australia’s earliest unattended lighthouses (criterion f).

Lighthouse feature: Equipment

© AMSA 2021

Description and condition

Equipment installed inside the tower at ground floor level: four batteries on galvanised steel rack; battery charger; cabling; control gear.

Heritage significance: Low

The equipment is of low significance.

Lighthouse feature: Apron paving

© AMSA 2019

Description and condition

Concrete paving around the base of the tower, to the full extent of the fenced area.

Heritage significance: Moderate

The modified paving forms part of a lighthouse, which was integral to South Australia’s growth of navigational assistance during the early twentieth century (criterion a).

The modified paving forms part of one of South Australia’s earliest unattended lighthouses (criterion f).

Lighthouse feature: Fence

© AMSA 2020

Description and condition

1908 timber framed fence, extensively rebuilt. Several original posts remain, with evidence of the original arris-cut rails housed into the posts. Most of the posts and all of the rails, are later replacements. The original corrugated iron sheeting was replaced with a ‘super six’ corrugated asbestos-cement. The corrugated asbestos–cement sheet has recently been replaced with a fibre-cement flat sheeting. Timber-framed gate, sheeted with fibre-cement sheet. Storm damaged section of fence on north western side completely replaced in 2016.

Heritage significance: Moderate

The modified fence forms part of a lighthouse, which was integral to South Australia’s growth of navigational assistance during the early twentieth century (criterion a).

The modified fence forms part of one of South Australia’s earliest unattended lighthouses (criterion f).

4.2  Related object and associated AMSA artefacts

There are currently no AMSA artefacts stored at Cape St Albans Lighthouse.

4.3  Comparative analysis

Cape St Albans Lighthouse was one of three unattended lights built along the South Australian coast at the turn of the twentieth century. The other two were the Eastern Shoal Light in Spencer Gulf in 1902, and Cape Donington Light in 1905. The three lighthouses varied in design, but were fitted with similar technologies in order to allow for automatic operation.[xxxiv]  

5.   Heritage significance

5.1  Commonwealth heritage listing – Cape St Albans Lighthouse

The following information is taken directly from the Commonwealth Heritage listing for Cape St Albans Lighthouse (Place ID: 105413)[xxxv]

Commonwealth statement of significance

The following statement of significance is taken directly from Cape St Albans Lighthouse’s Commonwealth heritage listing:

Historically, Cape St Alban Lighthouse is one of the earliest purpose built unattended lights established in South Australia. It was built during a period of transition in lighthouse technology when Australian maritime authorities and the South Australian Marine Board in particular, began to experiment with automatic illumination systems (Criterion F1).

Cape St Alban Lighthouse formed part of a comprehensive system of coastal lighting established by the South Australian Marine Board before the Commonwealth Government assumed functional responsibility in 1915. Together with the other lights on Kangaroo Island, Cape St Alban Lighthouse continues to play an important role in providing navigational assistance to shipping serving Adelaide and other coastal centres in the region (Criterion A4).

Commonwealth heritage criteria

There are nine criteria for inclusion in the Commonwealth Heritage List, meeting any one of these is sufficient for listing a place. These criteria are similar to those used in other Commonwealth, state and local heritage legislation, although thresholds differ. In the following sections, Cape St Albans Lighthouse is discussed in relation to each of the criteria as based on the site’s current Commonwealth Heritage Listing (Place ID: 105413)

These heritage values, identified and explained in the Commonwealth Heritage List, will form the basis of the management of Cape St Albans Lighthouse. In the event of necessary works, all criteria will be consulted to inform best practice management of the values associated with the lighthouse. (See ‘Section 7. Conservation management policies’ for further information on strategies to conserve heritage values of Cape St Albans Lighthouse).

5.2  Condition and integrity of Commonwealth heritage values

A heritage-monitoring program was implemented in 2016. Each site is visited and reviewed every two years to evaluate the heritage fabric and values of the site. Assessment of the condition and integrity of lighthouse's values are derived from the latest available Heritage asset condition report, produced by AMSA’s maintenance contractor. 

‘Condition’ is measured from Good-Sound-Poor and incorporates the current condition of the specific value. Integrity is measured from High-Medium-Low and incorporates the value’s intactness. Cape St Albans Lighthouse’s Commonwealth heritage values and its associated attributes, maintain good condition and high integrity.

5.3  Gain or loss of Commonwealth heritage values

Evidence for the potential gain or loss of heritage values will be documented within this section in future versions of the plan.

6.   Opportunities and constraints

6.1  Implications arising from significance

The Commonwealth statement of significance (section 5.1 above) demonstrates Cape St Albans Lighthouse is a place of considerable heritage value due to its contribution to navigational assistance as one of the earliest unattended lights established in South Australia.

The implication arising from this assessment is that key aspects of the place should be conserved to retain this significance. The key features requiring conservation include:

• continued use of the lighthouse as an AtoN
• architectural quality of the building
• interior spaces and features, which are notable for their design, details and/or their original lighthouse function. These include:

-          lantern room

-          lens assembly

-          ground floor

• external spaces and features, which are notable for their design, details, and/or their original lighthouse function. These include:

-          lantern roof and glazing

-          balcony

-          walls

-          external ladder

-          door

-          apron paving

-          fence.

Figure 12. Cape St Albans Lighthouse site (© AMSA, 2018)

Referral and approvals of action

The EPBC Act requires approval from the Minister for the Environment for all actions likely to have a significant impact on matters of National Environmental Significance (NES).

The Act provides that actions taken:

• on Commonwealth land, which are likely to have a significant impact on the environment, will require approval of the Minister.
• outside Commonwealth land, which are likely to have a significant impact on the environment on Commonwealth land, will require approval of the Minister.
• by the Australian Government or its agencies, which are likely to have a significant impact on the environment anywhere, will require approval of the Minister.

The definition of ‘environment’ in the EPBC Act and EPBC Regulations includes the cultural heritage values of places.

Heritage strategy

If an Australian Government agency owns or controls one or more places with Commonwealth heritage values, it must prepare a heritage strategy within two years from the first time they own or control a heritage place (section 341ZA).

A heritage strategy is a written document that integrates heritage conservation and management within an agency’s overall property planning and management framework. Its purpose is to help an agency manage and report on the steps it has taken to protect and conserve the commonwealth heritage values of the properties under its ownership or control.

The heritage strategy for AMSA’s AtoN assets was completed and approved by the Commonwealth Minister for the Environment in 2018 and reviewed in 2022. The latest version of the Strategy is available online.P37F[xxxvi]

Heritage asset condition report

A heritage asset condition report is a written document that details the heritage of a site with an in-depth description of each architectural and structural element. The document includes: a brief history of the site, the Commonwealth Heritage statement of significance and value criteria, a heritage significance rating for each individual element, and a catalogue of artefacts on-site. The document is also accompanied by up-to-date photos of each structural element. This document operates as a tool for heritage monitoring, and is reviewed and updated biennially.

Aboriginal heritage significance and natural values

The broader Cape St Albans landscape is notable for its heritage significance and natural values. Although these values lie outside of the Commonwealth heritage listing curtilage, the potential remains for future works at the lighthouse to impact these values. At the time this plan was written, no plans have been made for future works at Cape St Albans Lighthouse. In the event major works at the lighthouse are to be carried out, AMSA will seek to minimise impacts to the surrounding area by:

• Utilising specific access tracks to ensure no damage to surrounding vegetation,
• Ensuring project footprint is limited to the AMSA curtilage. In any instance that work is required outside of this footprint, approvals will be sought from the appropriate stakeholders,
• Implementing an appropriate discovery plan in the instance Aboriginal cultural heritage is suspected and/or found.

6.2  Framework: sensitivity to change

Owing to the site’s desired intactness and aesthetic qualities, Cape St Albans Lighthouse is of high significance. Therefore, work actioned by AMSA on the lighthouse’s fabric harnesses the potential to reduce or eradicate the significance of the site’s heritage values.

Conservation works—including restoration and reconstruction, or adaptation works of the absolute minimum so as to continue the lighthouse’s usefulness as an AtoN—are the only works that should be actioned by AMSA on Cape St Albans Lighthouse. Some exceptions are made for health and safety requirements. However, any and all work carried out must be conducted in line with heritage considerations and requirements of the EPBC Act.  

The table below demonstrates the level of sensitivity attributed to the various elements of the fabric register in the face of change. These are measured from high to low, depending on the action’s possible threat to the site’s heritage values.    

High sensitivity

High sensitivity to change includes instances wherein a change would pose a major threat to the heritage value of a specific fabric, or the lighthouse as a whole. A major threat is one that would lead to substantial or total loss of the heritage value.

Moderate sensitivity

Moderate sensitivity to change includes instances wherein a change would pose a moderate threat to the heritage value of a specific fabric, or to the heritage significance of a specific fabric in another part of the building. A moderate threat is one that would diminish the heritage value, or diminish the ability of an observer to appreciate the value.

Low sensitivity

Low sensitivity to change includes instances wherein a change would pose little to no threat to the heritage value of a specific fabric, or to the heritage significance in another part of the building.

6.3  Statutory and legislative requirements

The following table lists the Acts and codes relevant to the management of Cape St Albans Lighthouse.

6.4 Operational requirements and occupier needs

As a working AtoN, the operational needs of Cape St Albans Lighthouse are primarily concerned with navigational requirements. Below are the operational details and requirements of the Cape St Albans light as outlined by AMSA.

Navigation requirement for AMSA’s AtoN site

The following table is taken from AMSA’s Asset Management Strategy for the Cape St Albans Lighthouse.

AMSA’s goals

AMSA is responsible, under the Navigation Act, for maintaining a network of marine AtoN around Australia’s coastline that assist mariners to make safe and efficient passages. AMSA’s present network of around 500 marine AtoN includes traditional lighthouses such as Cape St Albans Lighthouse, beacons, buoys, racons, automatic identification system stations, metocean sensors including broadcasting tide gauges, current meter, directional wave rider buoys and a weather station.

Technological developments in the area of vessel traffic management have also contributed to increasing navigation safety and helped promote marine environment protection. AMSA aims to meet international standards for the reliability of lighthouses set by the International Association of Marine Aids to Navigation and Lighthouse Authorities (IALA).

At the time of preparing this management plan, the major goal for Cape St Albans Lighthouse primarily encompassed continuing its utilisation as an AtoN (for as long as necessary), while upkeeping the appropriate maintenance to conserve and preserve the heritage values of the lighthouse.

Lighthouse performance standards

AMSA aims to meet international standards for the reliability of lighthouses set by IALA. Cape St Albans’ light is designated as an IALA Availability Category 2 AtoN (within a scale of Category 1 to Category 3, Category 1 aids are most critical). Category 2 aids have an availability target of 99 per cent.

Access to the lighthouse

One practical effect of this performance standard is that the operational equipment and structure of the light need to be kept in good repair by regular maintenance. Routine maintenance and emergency repairs, where equipment fails in service, are carried out by AMSA’s maintenance contractor. The contractor needs reliable access to the site for this work, and AMSA officers need access for occasional inspections of the site including to audit the contractor’s performance.

Figure 13. Cape St Albans tower with recent external ladder (© AMSA, 2017)

6.5 Proposals for change

Preventative maintenance works are carried out on the lighthouse to maintain its status as a working marine AtoN, and to assist in the site’s conservation.

A list of scheduled preventative maintenance work is identified within the latest available site inspection report. The information provided below was taken from this report.

6.6 Potential pressures

A significant pressure that harnesses the potential to effect the Commonwealths heritage values of the place would be the obligation to remove or replace original fabric materials from the lighthouse owing to unavoidable and irreversible deterioration. At the time this plan was written, no current plans exist to remove or replace any original fabric materials from Cape St Albans Lighthouse. Any work proposed will be conducted in line with the heritage considerations and requirements of the EPBC Act.

6.7 Processes for decision-making

Processes for decision-making are required in the event of an incident that impacts the heritage values of the site. The following incidents are included due to their likelihood of occurrence at Cape St Albans Lighthouse.

7      Conservation management principles and policies

Policies

Fabric and setting

Policy 1 – Protect and conserve the significant external and internal fabric of the lighthouse, including existing buildings, layout and setting.

AMSA’s main purpose is to facilitate the ongoing operation of the site as a marine AtoN while preserving the site’s heritage values. As part of a heritage monitoring program, Heritage Asset Condition Reports are produced for each site every two years to evaluate the condition of the heritage fabric and values. Routine servicing is also carried out by maintenance contractors. Regular written reports from these visits will be sent to Asset Management and Preparedness for review and any work requirements identified will be scheduled accordingly. Should for some unforeseen reason the site no longer be viable as a marine AtoN, ownership will be passed to an appropriate state of federal authority to ensure preservation of the heritage assets. 

Implementation strategy:

• AtoN Maintenance contractor will continue scheduled periodic maintenance of the lighthouse and marine aids to navigation every 12 months to ensure condition is monitored for early warning of deterioration. Schedule must be approved by AMSA Asset Management and Preparedness.
• AMSA Asset Management and Preparedness to arrange for maintenance to be carried out on the lighthouse as required while continuing to operate as an AMSA marine aids to navigation.
• AMSA Asset Management and Preparedness to arrange for the replacement and upgrading of marine aids to navigation equipment in the lighthouse as required to meet AMSA’s service commitment, in a manner that preserves the original fabric of the lighthouse.
• AMSA Asset Management and Preparedness to maintain information on the heritage fabric of the lighthouse including any and all actions, treatments and inspection outcomes within the heritage fabric register. See section 4.1 for fabric register.
• AtoN Maintenance Contractor to continue scheduled heritage monitoring visits to Cape St Albans Lighthouse and review Heritage Asset Condition Reports.
• AMSA Asset Management and Preparedness to conserve all the fabric elements identified as significant in the heritage asset condition report.
• AMSA Asset Management and Preparedness to seek expert materials conservation advice when considering repair, restoration and reconstruction of historic fabric. The relevant local, state and federal heritage approvals must be sought prior to repair, restoration and reconstruction.
• AMSA Asset Management and Preparedness to assess any development proposals to surrounding area for possible impacts on the heritage values of Cape St Albans Lighthouse, and liaise with the appropriate state or federal heritage authorities.
• AMSA AtoN Heritage Coordinator to conserve the distinctive character of the lighthouse by collecting photographic evidence and historical documentation of the original fabric.

Uses

Policy 2 – Install and operate equipment in the lighthouse, so it continues to function as an effective marine AtoN, in such a way as to impose the least possible harm to the significant fabric.

Cape St Albans Lighthouse’s use as a working marine AtoN is of high priority. Carrying out maintenance, including upgrades to navigational equipment, is necessary to its function and continued marine safety along the SA coast. In the event of the installation or upgrade to AtoN equipment, proper precaution will be taken to ensure the least possible harm is done to significant fabric.

Implementation strategy:

• AtoN Maintenance Contractor to monitor Cape St Alban’s AtoN equipment every 12 months and propose maintenance in the instance of necessary installation or removal. Proposed maintenance is to be approved by AtoN Asset Management and Preparedness.
• AtoN Maintenance Contractor and AMSA Asset Management and Preparedness to outline all possible risks to significant fabric (external and internal) associated with the installation, removal and operation of navigational equipment.
• AMSA Asset Management and Preparedness to ensure works carried out are those that ensure the least possible harm to significant fabric.
• AMSA Asset Management and Preparedness to seek expert heritage conservation advice on best practice management of the site during installation, removal and operation of AtoN equipment.  

Policy 3 – Monitor possible impacts to the site resulting from tourism and control appropriate access to the lighthouse for contractors and visitors.

Cape St Albans Lighthouse is not currently open as a tourist site and access inside the lighthouse is restricted to authorised personnel, such as contractors and AMSA employees. AMSA personnel and contractors require easy access inside the lighthouse tower for periodical site visits to carry out inspections and routine maintenance.

Implementation strategy:

• AtoN Maintenance contractor to ensure control on access to all buildings within the Commonwealth curtilage is maintained by periodically inspecting restricted access areas on the precinct during maintenance visits every 12 months.
• AtoN Maintenance Contractor to inspect lighthouse for signs of wear and tear during yearly maintenance visit, and note changes in Heritage Asset Condition Report.
• AMSA Asset Management and Preparedness to ensure access to the lighthouse complies with workplace health and safety measures.
• AMSA Asset Management and Preparedness to ensure contractors are made aware of the heritage values of the lighthouse.
• AMSA Asset Management and Preparedness to ensure access to site is available for Traditional Custodians to maintain cultural traditions.

Interpretation

Policy 4 – Accurate and relevant interpretation of the history and significance of the place should be made available to site users/visitors and for offsite external research.

AMSA will continue to make information available through the maintenance of site interpretive signage and its website.

Implementation strategy:

• All relevant information concerning the history and significance of the place will be checked for accuracy and updated appropriately.
• Information will be primarily presented in online resource files accessible to both relevant personnel and the general public. On-site interpretative signage will be utilised where possible.
• This information will be maintained and updated in accordance with changes to the history and significance of the place.

Management
 

Policy 5 – AMSA will continue to conserve the lighthouse in accordance with Commonwealth heritage listing requirements.

For works requiring heritage approval, AMSA will obtain permission from any relevant state or federal authorities. Continuous and as-needed conservation works will be undertaken as required.

Implementation strategy:

• Liaise with the relevant Commonwealth and State heritage agencies when proposing work on the site.
• Approval in writing from the relevant Commonwealth and State heritage authorities must be granted for any proposals for development.

Policy 6 – The cultural significance of the lighthouse will be the basis for deciding how to manage it.

The heritage values or cultural significance of the place must be conserved. This heritage management plan includes relevant background information to support this policy (see ‘Section 3 History’).

Implementation strategy:

• Conserve the lighthouse to protect its heritage values (cultural significance).
• When possible, strive to maintain the original fabric of the lighthouse.
• Use the Burra Charter as the primary guide for treatment of fabric.
• Engage appropriately qualified heritage consultants when making decisions regarding impact on heritage values.
• Assess impacts on the heritage values of the place when considering proposed alterations or adaptations.

Policy 7 – Monitor, review and report the Commonwealth heritage values of the lighthouse every five years or sooner if major changes to the lighthouse occur.

The Commonwealth heritage values of the lighthouse are to be monitored and reported on a regular basis. A Heritage Asset Condition Report is updated for Cape St Albans Lighthouse every two years. The report records historical information, condition, and maintenance requirements for fabric within the lighthouse to ensure a gain and/or loss of heritage value is identified.  

Implementation strategy:

• AMSA Asset Management and Preparedness to regularly monitor the lighthouse for possible impacts on the identified Commonwealth heritage values.
• AMSA Asset Management and Preparedness to review the current Commonwealth heritage values at least once every five years and assess any gain or loss of values.
• This review must be undertaken in the event of any major alterations to the lighthouse.
• AMSA Asset Management and Preparedness to report any changes to the Commonwealth heritage values of the lighthouse to the DCCEEW (Heritage Branch).
• AMSA Asset Management and Preparedness to update AMSA’s heritage strategy  and this plan to reflect any changes identified.
• AMSA AtoN Maintenance Contractor to review and update Heritage Asset Condition Report biennially.

Policy 8 – Maintain historical, management and maintenance records within AMSA and make available these records. 

As part of the proper process for managing change in significant places, the Burra Charter points out the importance of making records before any change, and advocates placing records in a permanent archive and making them available where this is appropriate. AMSA’s collection of records, which include documents pertaining to heritage intervention, management and maintenance, are subject to this process. Heritage Asset Condition Reports are routinely generated for each heritage lighthouse and stored in AMSA’s record-keeping system. AMSA will continue to practice such processes via records management systems (RMS).

Implementation strategy:

• AMSA to maintain, review and update records through existing AMSA RMS as required.
• AMSA to ensure records are made available to the relevant personnel and parties as required.

Policy 9 – Develop and provide appropriate training and resources to all relevant AMSA staff, contractors and licensees.

In order to ensure best practice management of AMSA-operated lighthouses, all staff, contractors and licensees are required to have access to the appropriate training and resources in order to provide best practice conservation of the site.  

Implementation strategy:

• Provide staff, contractors and licencees access to up-to-date versions of the AMSA heritage strategy, heritage management plans and fabric registers.
• When funds are made available, AMSA Asset Management and Preparedness staff will undertake a relevant induction to ensure comprehension of the Commonwealth heritage and EPBC Act statutory requirements.
• Contractors engaged with heritage sites will undertake appropriate training to ensure comprehension of the Commonwealth heritage and EPBC Act statutory requirements.
• AMSA representatives will attend Commonwealth-run heritage workshops, programs and conferences for up-to-date information on statutory requirements and best-practice management of sites of national and state heritage significance.
• All current and incoming tour guides operating within AMSA lighthouses will be required to take the lighthouse tour guide safety induction e-learning module once every two years to stay informed on heritage values, visitor safety and lighthouse duty-of-care.

Policy 10 – Use contractors and service providers with appropriate experience.

AMSA is to ensure parties carrying out work have appropriate knowledge and use effective methods to ensure conservation of the lighthouse.

Implementation strategy:

• Engage staff and contractors with the relevant experience and expertise concerning conservation of the lighthouse.
• Develop and provide the appropriate training on heritage conservation matters for AMSA Asset Management and Preparedness staff and other relevant parties who hold responsibility for heritage management.

Policy 11 – Seek heritage advice and apply best heritage practice.

AMSA will continue to use in-house heritage expertise, external consultancy, or a combination of both as required, in order to successfully apply best heritage practice. Should in-house heritage expertise be limited in responding to a requirement, external heritage expertise will be engaged to address the issue. 

Implementation strategy:

• Apply in-house heritage expertise when required.

• Use tools such as the Burra Charter and Working Together: Managing Commonwealth Heritage Places[xxxviii] to measure the likely impact of proposals.
• Seek external heritage expertise in the event of limited in-house capability.

Policy 12 – Appropriate protocol in the event of unforeseen discoveries or disturbances of heritage within the AMSA site.

AMSA’s scope of work rarely involves excavation. Should such work need be undertaken, AMSA will implement a suitable discovery plan and seek advice from suitably qualified personnel as required. In the event of any unforeseen discovery or disturbance of heritage-related items on the AMSA site, notification to the appropriate organisation will occur in accordance with the conditions of the discovery plan. This plan will also be updated accordingly. 

Note: In most cases, the Commonwealth curtilages are limited to the immediate vicinity of the lighthouse and therefore this scenario is not anticipated as a likely occurrence.

Implementation strategy:

• Contact SA National Parks (DEW) and SA Aboriginal Affairs and Reconciliation (DPC) in the event of an unforeseen discovery/suspected discovery.
• Seek appropriate heritage advice and apply best practice in the event of unforeseen discoveries/disturbances.

Policy 13 – Make this heritage management plan available to all persons involved in decision-making on the management of the lighthouse and its setting.  

The plan will be made available to all personnel intrinsic to management of the lighthouse and its setting, for example AMSA maintenance contractors, staff and other relevant parties.

Implementation strategy:

• Provide links to this plan via the AMSA publicly accessible website.
• Provide copies to all relevant personnel and parties.

Future developments

Policy 14 – Adaptation of the place using methods or processes that minimise impact on heritage values and significance in accordance with the Burra Charter principles.

It is likely that over time the lighthouse will house new equipment as technology changes and improves. The Burra Charter principles will be used as the basis for decision-making.

Implementation strategy:

• Assess the likely impacts of changes on the heritage values and significance of the place.

• Preserve the original fabric of the place and do only what is necessary for the continued use and care of the place.
• Engage expert heritage advice and use the Burra Charter in adapting the place. 

Policy 15 – When required, engage with adjacent landowners to maintain an appropriate setting for the lighthouse in its visual and natural context.

Any changes to the surrounding land, or Commonwealth curtilage, requires careful consideration. AMSA will liaise with all adjacent landowners in the event of any proposed changes that may affect the setting and attempt to influence a positive outcome.

Implementation strategy:

• AMSA Asset Management and Preparedness to engage with adjacent landowners through consultation when changes are proposed regarding the wider visual and natural context.

Policy 16 – In the event of adaptive re-use or divestment (an instance(s) which would no longer place the lighthouse under AMSA control), AMSA will strive to ensure the Commonwealth heritage values of the site are recognised and preserved.

In the event Cape St Albans Lighthouse is no longer identified as a working AtoN and ownership is passed to another State or Federal authority, AMSA will ensure this process is conducted in line with section 341ZE of the EPBC Act.

Implementation strategy:

• All available heritage information within AMSA’s collection, including this heritage management plan, will be shared with the relevant parties to ensure the Commonwealth heritage values of the site are recognised and preserved. 

Community Involvement

Policy 17 – Consult with Traditional Custodians and community stakeholders in the preparation of the management plan.

AMSA will give Traditional Custodians and the wider community, as well as the general public, an opportunity to review and comment on this management plan through a public consultation process.

Implementation strategy:

• Undertake community consultation when preparing the heritage management plan in accordance with EPBC Regulations.
• Seek advice from Traditional Custodians and refer to Engage Early—Guidance for proponents on best practice Indigenous engagement for environmental assessments under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act).[xxxix] to guide consultations. 

Policy 18 – Manage and record sensitive information appropriately.

Sensitive information may be received by AMSA during consultation with stakeholders and the general public. This information will be handled in-line with AMSA’s privacy policy.

Implementation strategy:

• AMSA will record, store and manage sensitive information in-line with its privacy policy.
• No sensitive information will be included in draft or published heritage management plans.  

Review

Policy 19 – Review this plan within five years of its adoption or sooner if major changes are needed.

This plan will be reviewed every five years. This review should:

-          assess the content of the plan.

-          determine its effectiveness in protecting the identified heritage values.

-          provide any necessary recommendations for updating or re-writing of the plan. If major changes occur at the site in the interim, this plan will be reviewed and updated earlier than the specified five years.

Implementation strategy:

• AMSA Asset Management and Preparedness to review this heritage management plan at least five years after its adoption.
• AMSA Asset Management and Preparedness to review and update this heritage management plan in the event of a major change to the lighthouse.
• AMSA Asset Management and Preparedness to summarise changes implemented within updated plan.
• AMSA Asset Management and Preparedness to submit revised plan for approval.

8      Policy implementation plan

8.1 Plan and schedule

8.2 Monitoring and reporting

As stipulated by Schedule 7A of the EPBC Regulations, the outlined implementation plan and associated policies listed above are required to be monitored and updated accordingly. The below review process timetable will be adhered to over the next five years:

Other key actions in monitoring and reporting include:

• ensuring the implementation plan and policies are readily available for all relevant personnel
• delegating AMSA staff to periodically check the implementation plan is up-to-date and being utilised appropriately by the relevant personnel
• ensuring the timeframes outlined within the plan are followed
• delegating AMSA Response staff to review this plan and the associated policies at least every five years and determine whether its contents are relevant and effective in terms of continuing to conserve the place.

Appendix 1. Glossary of heritage conservation terms

The Burra Charter, from its first version (1979) and its current version (2013), defined a set of terms that have since been widely adopted in Australian heritage conservation practice.

Where the following terms are used in this heritage management plan, the particular meanings defined in the charter are intended. The definitions are quoted from Article 1 of the Burra Charter.

Adaptation means modifying a place to suit the existing use or a proposed use.

Associations means the special connections that exist between people and a place.

Compatible use means a use which respects the cultural significance of a place. Such a use involves no, or minimal, impact on cultural significance.

Conservation means all the processes of looking after a place to retain its cultural significance.

Cultural significance means aesthetic, historic, scientific, social or spiritual value for past, present or future generations. Cultural significance is embodied in the place itself, its fabric, setting, use, associations, meanings, records, related places and related objects. Places may have a range of values for different individuals or groups.

Fabric means all the physical material of the place including components, fixtures, contents, and objects.

Interpretation means all the ways of presenting the cultural significance of a place.

Maintenance means the continuous protective care of a place and its setting. Maintenance is to be distinguished from repair which involves restoration or reconstruction.

Meanings denote what a place signifies, indicates, evokes or expresses to.

Place means a geographically defined area. It may include elements, objects, spaces and view. Place may have tangible and intangible dimensions.

Preservation means maintaining a place in its existing state and retarding deterioration.

Reconstruction means returning a place to a known earlier state and is distinguished from restoration by the introduction of new material.

Related object means an object that contributes to the cultural significance of a place but is not at the place.

Related place means a place that contributes to the cultural significance of another place.

Restoration means returning a place to a known earlier state by removing accretions or by reassembling existing elements without the introduction of new material.

Setting means the immediate and extended environment of a place that is part of or contributes to its cultural significance and distinctive character.

Use means the functions of a place, including the activities and traditional and customary practices that may occur at the place or are dependant on the place.

Appendix 2. Glossary of historic lighthouse terms relevant to Cape St Albans Lighthouse

A

Apron paving – the concrete paving surround the base of the lighthouse tower.

Astragal – the bars which support the glazing of a lantern. They may also support the roof. Simply a framing member between the glazing bars in the lantern glazing. In its true meaning an astragal is a moulding that has a rounded profile. In lanterns this is almost never the case.

B

Balcony – a walk way around the outside of the lantern, used for maintenance and (formerly, when lighthouses were manned) for observing ships. Principal parts are the balcony floor and the balcony balustrade. (Synonym: gallery deck).

Balcony floor – floor of the balcony. Cape St Albans’ balcony floor is of FRP mesh.

Balcony balustrade – a handrail together with its supports. The supports are called balusters. Simply a railing or wall on the outer perimeter of the balcony, to prevent people from falling off the balcony. Generally made of metal stanchions and rails – Cape St Albans’ balcony balustrade is recent stainless steel.

Balcony door – door in the lantern base to give access to the balcony. In AMSA lanterns two doors are sometimes fitted but only one is operational. (Synonym: parapet hatch, service room door). Cape St Albans has a 1914 Chance Brothers curved iron balcony door.

C

Candelas – International unit of measurement for the luminous intensity of a light.

Cast iron – a mixture of iron and carbon with a relatively high carbon content and a low melting point, produced directly from a blast furnace.

Chance Bros – English manufacturer of optical apparatus, lanterns, cast iron stairs, cast iron towers, and other lighthouse components. The Chance family established a glass-making business in Smethwick, England in 1824 and is often described as ‘near Birmingham’. The business was absorbed into the Pilkington group of companies in 1951 and now ceases to exist.

Character – pattern of flashes of light emitted by a lighthouse, designed to identify that particular lighthouse.

Copper – a red malleable metal of low resistivity.

I

Intensity – the strength of a light measured by candelas.

Iron – there were two common types of iron used in lighthouse construction; wrought and cast. Older lights will almost certainly contain these iron types. Wrought iron has been worked by hand and is an iron alloy with a very low carbon content in contrast to steel, it also has fibrous inclusions. Cast iron is iron which has been heated until it liquefies, and is then poured into a mould to solidify.

L

Lantern – the glazed enclosure, usually of cylindrical or polygonal shape, at the top of a lighthouse, which surrounds and protects the optical apparatus. It contains the optical apparatus, made up of the lantern roof, lantern glazing and lantern base sections.

Lantern floor – the level in a lighthouse at which the lantern is installed, and by which access may be gained to the optical system and to the inside and outside of the lantern glazing. The lantern floor is generally at or near the same level as the catwalk and cane be made from steel, concrete, or timber. Cape St Albans’ lantern floor consists concrete slab.

Lantern glazing – the middle section of the lantern, circular or polygonal in plan, between the lantern roof above and the lantern base below, made up of glass panes held in a framework of glazing bars. On the landward side there may be blank panels in place of glass, or other opaque construction. Types of lantern glazing include: flat & curved trapezoidal panes and curved diamond/triangular panes. Cape St Albans’ lantern glazing are curved, trapezoidal glass panes.

Lantern roof – the roof of the lantern. Usually made of copper sheeting over a framework of rafters.

Lens assembly – a transparent optically refracting element of glass. The surface is usually spherical in form.

Light source – electric bulbs now illuminate most lighthouses.

Lighthouse – the principal structure of a lightstation, generally made up of a lantern, balcony and tower.

Lightstation – a precinct containing a lighthouse structure and other related buildings, for example. Keepers’ cottages, store room, signal house. 

O

Order – a shorthand expression of the size of an optical apparatus or lantern. At the time the system of orders was established, when kerosene burners were used, longer range lights needed larger burners, and larger burners needed lens assemblies of longer focal length to ensure a sharply defined beam. Thus in turn the lantern rooms were required to be larger to house these lens assemblies. AMSA historic lantern rooms range from 1st to 4th order.

P

Pedestal – part of the optical apparatus, consisting of a metal column or base standing on the balcony floor inside the lantern and supporting the lens assembly and light source. Some later Chance documentation (such as their tariffs 1908) also refer to the lantern base as a pedestal.

T

Tower – structure to support the lantern at a sufficient height above the ground. The most common types are the masonry tower, timber-framed tower, cast iron tower, and lattice tower. Cape St Albans’ tower is of 1908 rubble stone masonry.

Appendix 3. Table demonstrating compliance with the EPBC Regulations

Appendix 4. Cape St Albans current light details

CAPE ST ALBAN LIGHT - SA

(Established 1908)

IALA AVAILABILITY

CATEGORY: 2

PERFORMANCE  99% 

CRITERIA

(AVAILABILITY):

POSITION: Latitude:               35° 48.2300'S

 Longitude:              138° 07.5120'E

 Datum: WGS84

BA LIST OF LIGHTS: Q 2110

DAYMARK: White masonry tower and lantern

HEIGHT OF DAYMARK: 9 metres 

ARC OF VISIBILITY: 118 - 005 (247)

(TRUE BEARINGS

FROM SEAWARD)

COLOUR OF LIGHT: White

CHARACTER: Flashing              5.0 seconds

 Flash:              1.0 seconds

 Eclipse:              4.0 seconds

LENS: 250 mm focal radius drum lens

LIGHT SOURCE: Lamp: Sealite SL-LED-216-W

LANTERN: Chance Bros 5’8” diameter

STRUCTURE: White round masonry tower, 6 metres to base of lantern.

ELEVATION: 48 metres

RANGE: Nominal:               14 nautical miles

 Geographical:              18.6 nautical miles

Endnotes

[i] ‘AMSA Interactive heritage lighthouse map’, Australian Maritime Safety Authority, accessed May 2020, https://www.operations.amsa.gov.au/lighthouses/?_ga=2.236400321.1108408984.1535497123-1996646104.1535497123     

[ii] Australia ICOMOS, The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance (Australia ICOMOS, 2013).

[iii] Peter Marquis-Kyle, Heritage Lighthouse Report: Cape St Albans (Australian Maritime Systems Group, 2006).

[iv] Australian Maritime Systems Group, Cape St Albans Lighthouse: Heritage Asset Condition Report, 5th Revision (Australia Maritime Safety Authority, 2021).

[v] ‘Important Bird Areas factsheet: Kangaroo Island’, BirdLife International, accessed September 2020, http://www.birdlife.org

[vi] Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, Encounter Marine Park Management Plan 2012, (Government of South Australia, 2012), 14, https://www.parks.sa.gov.au/files/sharedassets/marine_parks/final_management_plans/mp-gen-15encounter-managementplan.pdf

[vii] Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources, Encounter Marine Park Management Plan 2012, 13.

[viii] ‘Cape St Alban Lighthouse, Cape St Albans Rd, Penneshaw, SA, Australia’, Australian Heritage Database, Commonwealth Heritage List, accessed September 2020, https://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;search=state%3DSA%3Blist_code%3DCHL%3Blegal_status%3D35%3Bkeyword_PD%3D0%3Bkeyword_SS%3D0%3Bkeyword_PH%3D0;place_id=105413

[ix] ‘Cape St Alban Lighthouse, Cape St Albans Rd, Penneshaw, SA, Australia’, Australian Heritage Database, Register of the National Estate, accessed September 2020, https://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;search=place_name%3Dcape%2520st%2520albans%3Bkeyword_PD%3Don%3Bkeyword_SS%3Don%3Bkeyword_PH%3Don%3Blatitude_1dir%3DS%3Blongitude_1dir%3DE%3Blongitude_2dir%3DE%3Blatitude_2dir%3DS%3Bin_region%3Dpart;place_id=7426

[x] Garry Searle, First Order: Australia’s Highway of Lighthouses, (SA: Seaside Lights, 2013), 34.

[xi] ‘Transcription of Journal of Matthew Flinders’, State Library of South Australia: Encounter 1802-2002 Collection, published 2002, https://encounter.collections.slsa.sa.gov.au/

[xii] Parry Kostoglou and Justin McCarthy, Whaling and sealing sites in South Australia (Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, 1991), 58; John Wrathall Bull, Early Experiences of Life in South Australia: And an extended history, (Adelaide: Wigg & Son, 1884).

[xiii] ‘Kangaroo Island’, The Kangaroo Island Courier (Kingscote), July 24, 1936, https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/191252695 ; ‘Kangaroo Island centenary celebrations’, Northern Angus (Clare, SA), July 31, 1936, https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/97771982

[xiv] Cosmos Coroneos, Shipwrecks of Encounter Bay and Backstairs Passage (Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, 1997).

[xv] ‘The Cape St Albans Light’, The Advertiser (Adelaide), October 1, 1906, https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/5110071 ; “The Cape St Albans Deathtrap,” The Advertiser (Adelaide), October 26, 1906, https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/5108922

[xvi] ‘Cape St Albans Lighthouse’, Lighthouse of Australia Inc., accessed September 2020 https://lighthouses.org.au/sa/cape-st-albans-lighthouse/

[xvii] ‘Cape St Albans Lighthouse’, The Express and Telegraph (Adelaide), April 29, 1908, https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/208922782

[xviii] ‘Cape St Albans Lighthouse’, The Express and Telegraph (Adelaide), April 29, 1908, https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/208922782

[xix] ‘Cape St Albans Lighthouse’, The Register (Adelaide), November 20, 1908, https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/57004927 

[xx] ‘Cape St Alban Lighthouse’, The Register (Adelaide), December 21, 1911, https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/58953315

[xxi] ‘Cape St Albans Lighthouse’, The Register (Adelaide), November 20, 1908, https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/57004927

[xxii] ‘Cape St Albans Lighthouse’, The Register (Adelaide), November 20, 1908, https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/57004927 

[xxiii] ‘Cape St Albans Lighthouse’, Lighthouse of Australia Inc., accessed September 2020, https://lighthouses.org.au/sa/cape-st-albans-lighthouse/

[xxiv] ‘Cape St Albans Lighthouse’, Lighthouse of Australia Inc., accessed September 2020, https://lighthouses.org.au/sa/cape-st-albans-lighthouse/    

[xxv] ‘Cape St Albans Lighthouse’, Lighthouses of Australia Inc., accessed September 2020 https://lighthouses.org.au/sa/cape-st-albans-lighthouse/

[xxvi] C.R.W. Brewis, Lighting of the South Coast of Australia, (South Australia: Albert J. Mullett Acting Government Printer, 1912), 16.

[xxvii] ‘Cape St Albans Lighthouse’, Lighthouses of Australia Inc., accessed September 2020, https://lighthouses.org.au/sa/cape-st-albans-lighthouse/

[xxviii] ‘Lighthouse inspections: Steamer Lady Loch arrives’, News (Adelaide), 25 February, 1931, https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/128998507

[xxix] Coroneos, Shipwrecks of Encounter Bay and Backstairs Passage.

[xxx] Brewis, Lighting of the South Coast of Australia, 16.

[xxxi] Sylvia Marchant, Lighthouse history series: Cape St Albans, South Australia, (Department of Transport and Communications, 1989), 1.

[xxxii] Marchant, Lighthouse history series, 1.

[xxxiii] ‘Cape St Albans Lighthouse’, Lighthouses of Australia Inc., accessed September 2020,  https://lighthouses.org.au/sa/cape-st-albans-lighthouse/

[xxxiv] ‘Cape St Albans Lighthouse’, Lighthouses of Australia Inc., accessed September 2020,  https://lighthouses.org.au/sa/cape-st-albans-lighthouse/

[xxxv] ‘Cape St Alban Lighthouse, Cape St Albans Rd, Penneshaw, SA, Australia’.

[xxxvi] AMSA, AMSA Heritage strategy 2022-2025, (2022), https://www.amsa.gov.au/amsa-heritage-strategy-2022-2025

[xxxvii] AMSA, Annual Report 2021-22, https://www.amsa.gov.au/about/corporate-publications/annual-report-2021-22

[xxxviii] Commonwealth of Australia, Working Together Managing Commonwealth Heritage Places: a guide for Commonwealth agencies (2019).

[xxxix] Commonwealth of Australia, Engage Early—Guidance for proponents on best practice Indigenous engagement for environmental assessments under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act) (2016).

Reference List

Advertiser (Adelaide). ‘The Cape St Albans Light’. October 1, 1906. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/5110071

Advertiser (Adelaide). ‘The Cape St Albans Deathtrap’. October 26, 1906. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/5108922

Australia ICOMOS. The Burra Charter: The Australia ICOMOS Charter for Places of Cultural Significance. Australia ICOMOS, 2013.

Australian Heritage Database, Commonwealth Heritage List. ‘Cape St Alban Lighthouse, Cape St Albans Rd, Penneshaw, SA, Australia’. Accessed September 2020, https://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;search=state%3DSA%3Blist_code%3DCHL%3Blegal_status%3D35%3Bkeyword_PD%3D0%3Bkeyword_SS%3D0%3Bkeyword_PH%3D0;place_id=105413

Australian Heritage Database, Register of the National Estate. ‘Cape St Alban Lighthouse, Cape St Albans Rd, Penneshaw, SA, Australia’. Accessed September 2020. https://www.environment.gov.au/cgi-bin/ahdb/search.pl?mode=place_detail;search=place_name%3Dcape%2520st%2520albans%3Bkeyword_PD%3Don%3Bkeyword_SS%3Don%3Bkeyword_PH%3Don%3Blatitude_1dir%3DS%3Blongitude_1dir%3DE%3Blongitude_2dir%3DE%3Blatitude_2dir%3DS%3Bin_region%3Dpart;place_id=7426

Australian Maritime Safety Authority. AMSA Heritage Strategy 2022-2025. Australian Maritime Safety Authority, 2022, https://www.amsa.gov.au/amsa-heritage-strategy-2022-2025

Australian Maritime Safety Authority. ‘AMSA Interactive heritage lighthouse map’. Accessed May 2020. https://www.operations.amsa.gov.au/lighthouses/?_ga=2.236400321.1108408984.1535497123-1996646104.1535497123  

Australian Maritime Safety Authority. Annual Report 2021-22. Australian Maritime Safety Authority, 2021. https://www.amsa.gov.au/about/corporate-publications/annual-report-2021-22

Australian Maritime Systems Group. Cape St Albans Lighthouse: Heritage Asset Condition Report, 5h Revision. Australian Maritime Systems Group, 2021.

BirdLife International. ‘Important Bird Areas factsheet: Kangaroo Island’. Accessed September 2020. http://www.birdlife.org

Brewis, C.R.W. Lighting of the South Coast of Australia. South Australia: Albert J. Mullett Acting Government Printer, 1912.

Bull, John Wrathall. Early Experiences of Life in South Australia: And an extended history. Adelaide: Wigg & Son, 1884.

Chronicle (Adelaide). 'Industrial Port Pirie.’ March 8, 1913. http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article88732980

Commonwealth of Australia. Engage Early—Guidance for proponents on best practice Indigenous engagement for environmental assessments under the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (EPBC Act). Commonwealth of Australia, 2016. 

Commonwealth of Australia. Working Together Managing Commonwealth Heritage Places: a guide for Commonwealth agencies. Commonwealth of Australia, 2019.

Coroneos, Cosmos. Shipwrecks of Encounter Bay and Backstairs Passage. Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, 1997.

Department of Environment, Water and Natural Resources. Encounter Marine Park Management Plan 2012. Government of South Australia, 2012. https://www.parks.sa.gov.au/files/sharedassets/marine_parks/final_management_plans/mp-gen-15encounter-managementplan.pdf

Express and Telegraph (Adelaide). ‘Cape St Albans Lighthouse’. April 29, 1908. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/208922782

Kangaroo Island Courier (Kingscote). ‘Kangaroo Island’. July 24, 1936. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/191252695

Kostoglou, Parry, and Justin McCarthy. Whaling and sealing sites in South Australia. Australian Institute for Maritime Archaeology, 1991.

Lighthouses of Australia INC. ‘Cape St Albans Lighthouse’. Accessed September 2020. https://lighthouses.org.au/sa/cape-st-albans-lighthouse/

Marchant, Slyvia. Lighthouse history series: Cape St Albans, South Australia. Department of Transport and Communications, 1989.

Marquis-Kyle, Peter. Heritage Lighthouse Report: Cape St Albans. Australian Maritime Systems Group, 2006.

National Archives of Australia: Australian Maritime Safety Authority, A10182, Lightstation drawings, two number series with 'CN' (Central Navaids) prefix, 1980 -; CN 01 185, Cape St Albans - Tower, masonary, 20ft, elevations and details, 1908.

News (Adelaide). ‘Lighthouse inspections: Steamer Lady Loch arrives’. February 25, 1931. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/128998507

Northern Angus (Clare, SA). ‘Kangaroo Island centenary celebrations’. July 31, 1936. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/97771982

Register (Adelaide). ‘Cape St Albans Lighthouse’. November 20, 1908. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/57004927

Register (Adelaide). ‘Cape St Alban Lighthouse’. December 21, 1911. https://trove.nla.gov.au/newspaper/article/58953315

Searle, Garry. First Order: Australia’s Highway of Lighthouses. SA: Seaside Lights, 2013.

State Library of South Australia: Encounter 1802-2002 Collection. ‘Transcription of Journal of Matthew Flinders’. Published 2002. https://encounter.collections.slsa.sa.gov.au/

Tomlinson, Charles. Cyclopaedia of Useful Arts, mechanical and chemical, manufactures, mining and engineering, Vol II. London & New York: ca. 1866.